Nanoprobes公司簡介

產品：

1. EnzMetTM - 新的生物標記和染色方法（Nanoprobe研發的專利產品），使用酶探針選擇性的將銀沉積在目標位置，可替代HRP底物。

應用：
可替代HRP底物，用于原位雜交/免疫組化/電鏡/關聯顯微系統/免疫斑點/蛋白雜交等
優點：
染色清晰度優于傳統生色或熒光底物，永久不褪色，不擴散 
可檢測內源單拷貝基因（原位雜交中）！超高靈敏度 
高分辨率 
背景接近零 
無需更多處理，染色即在電鏡下可見 

免疫組化：DAB（左）EnzMet（右）染HER2擴增的組織

References：

1. • J. F. Hainfeld, et al., Microsc. Microanal. 8 (Suppl. 2) (2002) 916 CD.
   • R. Tubbs, J. Pettay, et al. J. Mol. Histol. 35 (2004) 589.
   • R. Tubbs, J. Pettay, J., et al. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 13 (2005) 371.
   • A. Cali & P. M. Takvorian, Southeast Asian Trop. Med. Public Health, 35 (Suppl. 1) (2004) 58.
   • A. Cali, L. M. Weiss, and P. M. Takvorian, J. Euk. Microbiol., 49 (2003) 164.
   • E.M. Keohane, G.A. Orr, et al., Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 94 (1998) 227. This work was supported by NIH SBIR grant 2R44 GM064257-02A1 and NIH grant 2R01 AI031788. The authors thank Ventana Medical Systems, Incorporated for the I-View reagent.
     
     Ni-NTA納米金 – 特異性結合his標簽蛋白，用于標記his標簽蛋白：
2. 應用：
   透射電鏡/掃描透射電鏡、光學顯微鏡、蛋白雜交、純化his標簽蛋白時，識別含目的蛋白的部分等實驗。 
   優點：
   靈敏度高 
   探針小，分辨率高，1.8 nm Ni-NTA-納米金比抗體探針小 
   高溶解度，穩定 
   無背景 
   永久染色 
   5 nm Ni-NTA-納米金在電鏡下可見，不需金增強/銀增強 
   使用簡單 

   
   左：1.8nm Ni-NTA-納米金與his標簽蛋白相互作用右：用Ni-NTA-納米金標記6xhis腺病毒Knob蛋白，未染色的掃描電鏡照片
   left: Structure of Ni-NTA-Nanogold® showing interaction with Interaction with a His-tagged protein; right: Knob protein from adenovirus cloned with 6x-His tag, labeled with Ni-NTA-Nanogold, column purified from excess gold, and viewed in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) unstained (Full width approximately 245 nm).

   
   上：5nm Ni-NTA-納米金的結構，顯示金屬螯合物與his標簽蛋白結合
   下：5nm Ni-NTA-納米金的掃描電鏡圖，平均直徑5.11±0.84nm。
   Top: Structure of NTA-Ni(II)-5 nm Nanogold®, showing the binding of the incorporated metal chelate to a His-tagged protein; distance from the gold particle surface to the His tag is estimated to be 1.5 nm. Above: Transmission electron micrograph of 5 nm NTA Nanogold: average diameter 5.11±0.84nm.

   品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
   1.8 nm Ni-NTA-Nanogold®	比抗體小，更易滲透入組織，定位和檢測細胞、組織或蛋白復合物中的his標簽蛋白。	2080	10uM 30ml
   5 nm Ni-NTA-Nanogold®	目標量達一定程度時，無需銀增強/金增強可直接用電鏡觀察	2082	0.5uM 3ml

   相關產品：

   GoldEnhance LM/Blot (GELM)	金增強試劑，用于光鏡樣品	2112	Initiator/Moderator/Activator/Buffer 各15 ml（共60 ml，足夠做600張載玻片）
   GoldEnhance EM(GEEM)	金增強試劑，用于電鏡樣品	2113	Initiator/Moderator/Activator/Buffer 各2 ml（共8 ml，足夠做200個網格）
   HQ Silver	用于納米金的質量最佳的增強試劑，均勻顯影，極好的保持結構，特別適合電鏡，光敏感	2012	Initiator/Moderator/Activator 各15 ml（共45 ml）
   Li Silver	納米金的銀增強，用于電鏡、光鏡、凝膠、雜交，光不敏感	2013	Initiator/Enhancer 125 ml （共250 ml）

   References： 
   1. Kollman, J. M.; Zelter, A.; Muller, E. G.; Fox, B.; Rice, L. M.; Davis, T. N., and Agard, D. A.: The Structure of the gamma-Tubulin Small Complex: Implications of Its Architecture and Flexibility for Microtubule Nucleation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 19, 207-215 (2008).
   2. Adami, A.; Garcia-Alvarez, B.; Arias-Palomo, E.; Barford, D., and Llorca, O.: Structure of TOR and its complex with KOG1. Mol. Cell., 27509-516 (2007).
   3. Balasingham, S. V.; Collins, R. F.; Assalkhou, R.; Homberset, H.; Frye, S. A.; Derrick, J. P., and Tonjum, T.: Interactions between the Lipoprotein PilP and the Secretin PilQ in Neisseria meningitidis. J. Bacteriol., 189, 5716-5727 (2007).
   4. Jiang, Z. G.; Simon, M. N.; Wall, J. S., and McKnight, C. J.: Structural analysis of reconstituted lipoproteins containing the N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein B. Biophys. J., 92, 4097-4108 (2007).
   5. Pye, V. E, Beuron, F, Keetch, C. A, McKeown, C, Robinson, C. V, Meyer, H. H, Zhang, X, and Freemont, P. S.: Structural insights into the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 467-472 (2007).
   6. Promnares, K.; Komenda, J.; Bumba, L.; Nebesarova, J.; Vacha, F., and Tichy, M.: Cyanobacterial Small Chlorophyll-binding Protein ScpD (HliB) Is Located on the Periphery of Photosystem II in the Vicinity of PsbH and CP47 Subunits. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 32705-32713 (2006).
   7. Collins, R. F.; Beis, K.; Clarke, B. R.; Ford, R. C.; Hulley, M.; Naismith, J. H.; and Whitfield, C.: Periplasmic protein-protein contacts in the inner membrane protein Wzc form a tetrameric complex required for the assembly of Escherichia coli group 1 capsules. J. Biol. Chem.,281, 2144-2150 (2006).
   8. Wolfe, C. L.; Warrington, J. A.; Treadwell, L., and Norcum, M. T.: A three-dimensional working model of the multienzyme complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases based on electron microscopic placements of tRNA and proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 38870-38878 (2005).
   9. Bumba, L.; Tichy, M.; Dobakova, M.; Komenda, J., and Vacha, F.: Localization of the PsbH subunit in photosystem II from the Synechocystis 6803 using the His-tagged NiNTA Nanogold labeling. J. Struct. Biol., 152, 28-35 (2005)
   10. Collins, R. F.; Frye, S. A.; Balasingham, S.; Ford, R. C.; Tonjum, T., and Derrick, J. P.: Interaction with type IV pili induces structural changes in the bacterial outer membrane secretin PilQ. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 18923-18930 (2005).
   11. Chatterji, A.; Ochoa, W. F.; Ueno, T.; Lin T., and Johnson, J. E.: A virus-based nanoblock with tunable electrostatic properties. Nano Lett.,5, 597-602 (2005).
   12. Buchel, C.; Morris, E.; Orlova, E., and Barber, J.: Localisation of the PsbH subunit in photosystem II: a new approach using labelling of His-tags with a Ni(2+)-NTA gold cluster and single particle analysis. J. Mol. Biol., 312, 371-379 (2001).
   13. Hainfeld, J. F.; Liu, W.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Freimuth, P., and Powell, R. D.: Ni-NTA-Gold Clusters Target His-Tagged Proteins. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 185-198 (1999).
   14. Hainfeld, J. F.; Liu, W.; Joshi, V., and Powell R. D.: Nickel-NTA-Nanogold Binds his-Tagged Proteins. Microsc. Microanal., 8, (Suppl. 2: Proceedings) (Proceedings of Microscopy and Microanalysis 2002); Voekl, E.; Piston, D.; Gauvin, R.; Lockley, A. J.; Bailey, G. W., and McKernan, S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2002, p. 832CD.

   GoldiBlot™ HIS Western Blot Kit：Ni-NTA-納米金顆粒
   應用：
   1.蛋白雜交檢測帶his標簽的重組蛋白（染色時間1小時） 
   2.識別細胞裂解液或提取物中的his標簽蛋白 
   3.證實轉染細胞中his標簽蛋白的表達 
   優點：
   更快更靈敏
   低背景 
   永久信號 

    

   品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
   GoldiBlot™ HIS Western Blot Kit	用于在蛋白雜交中檢測his重組蛋白的	2090	15個雜交

   References：

   1. Dubendorff, J.; Cruz, M.; Gonzalez, C.; Hainfeld, J.; Liu, W.: Rapid Detection of His-tagged Proteins on Western Blots Proc. 47th Ann. Mtg., Amer. Soc. Cell Biol., 47; Pres. # 1918., poster # B265 (2007).

金納米顆粒：3-5nm/2-4nm/0.8nm/1.4nm， 帶正電/負電/不帶電荷，溶于兩性/親水/疏水溶劑的化學功能化納米金顆粒，用帶化學基團的不同配基包被和穩定，溶解性不同 

1. 應用：在多種系統和環境中的應用廣泛

   品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
   1-Mercapto-(triethylene glycol) methyl ether functionalized gold nanoparticles	兩性3 - 5 nm納米金顆粒，溶于甲苯、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、水、乙醇等溶劑	3012	80 mg
   (1-Mercaptoundec-11-yl) tetraethyleneglycol functionalized gold nanoparticles	親水3 - 5 nm納米金顆粒，溶于乙醇、水	3013	80 mg
   Dodecanethiol functionalized gold nanoparticles	疏水3 - 5 nm納米金，用于甲苯等有機溶劑	3014	80 mg
   Octanethiol functionalized gold nanoparticles	疏水2 - 4 nm納米金，用于甲苯等有機溶劑	3015	80 mg

AuroVistTM ：X-射線造影劑 

1. 優點:
   1. 用于活體，不破壞組織
   2. 低毒性
   3. 高對比度，比碘造影劑高3倍
   4. 顯微CT可成像直徑為20um的血管
   5. 1.9nm納米金在血液中存留時間比碘造影劑長
   6. 使用濃度可比碘造影劑高4倍多
   7. 高濃度時滲透壓低
   8. 低粘度，可注射
   9. 腎臟將其清除

    
   Live mouse 1 hour after injection with AuroVist™, showing kidney contrast and fine structure (bar = 1 mm).

   (upper): Live mouse, 2 minutes after injection 
   showing vascular fine structure; (lower) MicroCT of 
   mouse inferior vena cava (bar = 1mm).

   品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
   AuroVistTM-1.9nm	在水、PBS或其他緩沖液中即溶	1102	40 mg Au
   AuroVistTM-15nm	產品已溶于PBS，并經0.22 um 膜過濾	1115	40 mg Au

   References：
   MicroCT Imaging

   1.  Hainfeld, J. F.; Slatkin, D. N.; Focella, T. M, and Smilowitz, H. M.: Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent. Br. J. Radiol., 79, 248-253 (2006).

   In Vivo Vascular Casting

   1.  Hainfeld, J. F.; Slatkin, D. N.; Focella, T. M., and Smilowitz, H. M.: In Vivo Vascular Casting. Microsc. Microanal., 11, (Suppl. 2: Proceedings); Price, R.; Kotula, P.; Marko, M.; Scott, J. H.; Vander Voort, G. F.; Nanilova, E.; Mah Lee Ng, M.; Smith, K.; Griffin, P.; Smith, P., and McKernan, S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, p. 1216CD (2005).

   Radiation Therapy Enhancement

   1. •  Hainfeld, J. F., Slatkin, D. N., and Smilowitz, H. M.: The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. Phys. Med. Biol.,49, N309-N315 (2004).

納米金結合物：共價結合了Fab’/IgG/鏈酶親和素的納米金，是最小的免疫金標探針，優于膠體金 

1. 1. 應用：
      市場上最小的免疫金標探針
      優點：
      金顆粒與Fab’或IgG比例接近1
      粒徑?。?.4nm），且均勻
      低背景
      靈敏度高
      穩定

       

      品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
      Nanogold-鏈酶親和素		2016	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗生物素	IgG	2015	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗小鼠IgG	IgG	2001	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2002	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗兔IgG	IgG	2003	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2004	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-兔抗山羊IgG	IgG	2005	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2006	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗大鼠IgG	IgG	2007	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2008	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-兔抗綿羊IgG	IgG	2050	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2051	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗人IgG	IgG	2052	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2053	0.5ml
      			1ml
      Nanogold-山羊抗豚鼠IgG	IgG	2054	0.5ml
      			1ml
      	Fab’	2055	0.5ml
      			1ml

      用CARD擴增的納米金+銀增強檢測Hela細胞中單個拷貝HPV16的原位雜交 
      掃描透射電鏡圖片 （左）羊抗小鼠膠體金 （右）羊Fab’抗小鼠納米金

      

      References： 
      Nanogold® Antibody Conjugates

      1. Bendayan, M.: Worth its weight in gold. Science, 291, 1363-5 (2001).
      2. Bergles, D. E.; Roberts, J. D. B.; Somogyi, P., and Jahr, C. E.: Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. Nature, 405, 187-190 (2000).
      3. D’Este, L.; Kulaksiz, H.; Rausch, U.; Vaccaro, R.; Wenger, T.; Tokunaga, Y.; Renda, T. G.; Cetin, Y.: Expression of guanylin in "pars tuberalis-specific cells" and gonadotrophs of rat adenohypophysis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 1131-1136 (2000).
      4. Feng, D.; Nagy, J. A.; Brekken, R. A.; Pettersson, A.; Manseau, E. J.; Pyne, L.; Mulligan, R.; Thorpe, P. E.; Dvorak, H. F., and Dvorak, A. M.: Ultrastructural localization of the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) receptor-2 (FLK-1, KDR) in normal mouse kidney and in the hyperpermeable vessels induced by VPF/VEGF-expressing tumors and adenoviral vectors J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 545-555 (2000).
      5. Grondin, G., and Beaudoin, A. R.: A New Pre-Embedding Immunogold Method that Permits to Obtain a Very High Signal with a Very Good Ultrastructure. Microsc. Microanal., 7, (Suppl. 2: Proceedings) (Proceedings of the Fifty-Ninth Annual Meeting, Microscopy Society of America); Bailey, G. W.; Price, R. L.; Voelkl, E., and Musselman, I. H., Eds.; Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 2001, pp. 1044-1045.
      6. Hainfeld, J. F.: Labeling with Nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. Scanning Microsc. Suppl. (Proc. 14th Pfefferkorn Conf.); Malecki, M., and Roomans, G. M. (Eds.). Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago, IL, 10, 309-322 (1996).
      7. Ikeda, Y.; Martone, M.; Gu, Y.; Hoshijima, M.; Thor, A.; Oh, S. S.; Peterson, K. L., and Ross, J., Jr.: Altered membrane proteins and permeability correlate with cardiac dysfunction in cardiomyopathic hamsters Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 278, H1362-H1370 (2000).
      8. Kohler, A.; Lauritzen, B., and Van Noorden, J. F.: Signal amplification in immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level using biotinylated tyramide and Nanogold-silver staining J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 933-941 (2000).
      9. Malecki, M.: Preparation of plasmid DNA in transfection complexes for fluorescence and spectroscopic imaging. Scanning Microsc. Suppl. (Proc. 14th Pfefferkorn Conf.); Malecki, M., and Roomans, G. M. (Eds.). Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago, IL, 10, 1-16 (1996).
      10. Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T., and Vandré, D. D.: Applications of gold cluster compounds in immunocytochemistry and correlative microscopy: comparison with colloidal gold. J. Microsc., 199, 163-79 (2000).
      11. Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T., and Vandré: Enhanced immunolabeling efficiency using ultrasmall immunogold probes: Immunocytochemistry J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 487-492 (2000).
      12. Sawada, H., and Esaki, M.: A practical technique to postfix Nanogold-immunolabeled specimens with osmium and to embed them in Epon for electron microscopy J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 493-498 (2000).
      13.  Tolstonog, G. V.; Sabasch, M., and Traub, P.: Cytoplasmic Intermediate Filaments Are Stably Associated with Nuclear Matrices and Potentially Modulate Their DNA-Binding Function. DNA Cell Biol., 21, 213-39 (2002).
      14. Yang, R.; Tabata, S.; Crowley, H. H.; Margolskee, R. F., and Kinnamon, J. C.: Ultrastructural localization of gustducin immunoreactivity in microvilli of type II taste cells in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 11, 139-151 (2000).
      15. Yoshimori, T.; Yamagata, F.; Yamamoto, A.; Mizushima, N.; Kabeya, Y.; Nara, A.; Miwako, I.; Ohashi, M.; Ohsumi, M., and Ohsumi, Y.: The Mouse SKD1,a homologue of yeast Vps4p, is required for normal endosomal trafficking and morphology in mammalian cells Mol. Biol. Cell, 11, 747-763 (2000).
      16. Zirwes, R. F.; Eilbracht, J.; Kneissel, S., and Schmidt-Zachmann, M. S.: A novel helicase-type protein in the Nucleolus: protein NOH61Mol. Biol. Cell, 11, 1153-1167 (2000).
      17. Ackerly, C. A., Becker, L. E., Tilups, A., Rutlka, J. T., and Mancuso, J. F.: CCD Cameras facilitate the imaging of small gold particles in immunogold-labelled ultrathin cryosections. In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 904-905 (1996).
      18. Adams, I. R., and Kilmartin, J. V.: Localization of core spindle body (SPB) components during SPB duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol., 145, 809-823 (1999).
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      20. Baude, A.; Nusser, Z.; Molnar, E.; McIlhinney, R. A. J., and Somogyi, P.: High-resolution immunogold localization of AMPA type glutamate receptor subunits at synaptic and non-synaptic sites in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience, 69, 1031-1055 (1995).
      21. Baude, A., Nusser, A., Roberts, J.D.B., Mulvihill, E., McIlhinney, R.A.J., and Somogyi, P. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1 a) is concentrated at perisynaptic membranes of neuronal subpopulations as detected by immunogold reaction. Neuron, 11, 771-787 (1993).
      22. Bernard, V.; Levey, A. I., and Bloch, B.: Regulation of the subcellular distribution of m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal neurons in vivo by the cholinergic environment: evidence for regulation of cell surface receptors by endogenous and exogenous stimulation J. Neurosci., 19, 10237-10249 (1999).
      23. Bernard, V.; Somogyi, P., and Bolam, J. P.: Cellular, subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in the neostriatum of the rat. J. Neuroscience, 17, 819-833 (1997).
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      26. Burry, R.W., Vandrée, D. D., and Hayes, D. M.: Silver enhancement of gold antibody probes in pre-embedding electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 40, 1849-1856 (1992).
      27. Du, J.; Tao-Cheng, J.-H.; Zerfas, P., and McBain, C. J. The K+ channel, Kv2.1, is apposed to astrocytic processes and is associated with inhibitory postsynaptic membranes in hippocampal and cortical principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Neuroscience, 84, 37-48 (1998).
      28. Fagotto, F.; Jho, E.-H.; Zeng, L.; Kurth, T.; Joos, T.; Kaufmann, C., and Constantini, F.: Domains of axin involved in protein-protein interactions, Wnt pathway inhibition, and intracellular localization. J. Cell Biol., 145, 741-756 (1999).
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      31. Gilerovitch, H.G., Bishop, G.A., King, J.S., and Burry, R.W. Demonstration of GAD in Purkinje-cell terminals with silver enhanced gold immunocytochemistry. In G. Bailey and C.L. Rieder (Eds.), Proc. 51st Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., San Francisco Press, pp. 288-289 (1993).
      32. Gilerovitch, H.G., Bishop, G.A., King, J.S., and Burry, R.W. The use of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with silver-enhanced 1.4nm gold particles to localize GAD in the cerebellar nuclei. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 337-43 (1995).
      33. Griffing, L. R., Villanueva, M. A., Taylor, J., and Moon, S.: Confocal Epipolorization Microscopy of Gold Probes in Plant Cells and Protoplasts; Methods in Cell Biology, 49, 109-121 (1995).
      34. Gutekunst, C.-A.; Li, S.-H.; Yi, H.;Mulroy, J. S.; Kuemmerle, S.; Jones, R.; Rye, D.; Ferrante, R. J.; Hersch, S. M., and Li, X.-J.: Nuclear and Neuropil Aggregates in Huntington’s Disease: Relationship to Neuropathology. J. Neuroscience, 19, 2522-2534 (1999).
      35. Hainfeld, J.F. Site specific cluster labels. Ultramicroscopy, 46, 135-144 (1992).
      36. Hainfeld, J. F., and Furuya, F. R.: Silver-enhancement of Nanogold and undecagold: in Immunogold-Silver Staining: Principles, Methods and Applications," M. A. Hayat (Ed.); CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, pp. 71-96.
      37. Hainfeld, J.F. and Furuya, F.R. A 1.4nm Gold cluster covalently attached to antibodies improves immunolabeling, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 40, 177-184 (1992).
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      40. Hanson, J. E., and Smith, Y.: Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors at GABAergic synapses in monkeys; J. Neurosci., 19, 6488-6496 (1999).
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      42. Hearne, C. E., and Van Campen, H.: Immunogold-Silver Staining (IGSS) of agarose embedded (NCP) BVDV-infected cell suspensions; In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 902-903 (1996).
      43. Hermann, R., Walther, P., and Muller, M.: Immunogold labeling in scanning electron microscopy; Histochem. Cell Biol., 106, 31-39 (1996).
      44. Humbel, B. M.; De Jong, M. D. M.; Müller, W. H., and Verkleij, A. J.: Pre-embedding immunolabeling for electron microscopy: An evaluation of permeabilization methods and markers. Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 43-58 (1998).
      45. Humbel, B. M.; Sibon, O. C. M.; Stierhof, Y.-D., and Schwarz, H.: Ultra-small gold particles and silver enhancement as a detection system in immunolabeling and In Situ hybridization experiments; J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 735-737 (1995).
      46. Kloboucek, A.; Behrisch, A.; Faix, J., and Sackmann, E.: Adhesion-induced receptor segregation and adhesion plaque formation: a model membrane study. Biophys. J., 77, 2311-2328 (1999).
      47. Krenács, T., and Krenács, L.: Immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) for single and multiple antigen detection in archived tissues following antigen retrieval. Cell Vision, 4, 387-393 (1997).
      48. Krenács, T. and Dux, L. Silver-enhanced immunogold labeling of calcium-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 42, 967-968 (1994).
      49. Lackie, P. M.: Immunogold silver staining for light microscopy; Histochem. Cell. Biol., 106, 9-17 (1996).
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      51. Li, H.; Ohishi, H.; Kinoshita, A.; Shigemoto, R.; Nomura, S., and Mizuno, N.: Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: an electron microscope study in the rat. Neuroscience lett., 223, 153-156 (1997).
      52. Li, S.-H.; Cheng, A. L.; Li, H., and Li, X.-J.: Cellular effects and altered gene expression in PC12 cells stably expressing mutant huntingtin. J. Neuroscience, 19, 5159-5172 (1999).
      53. Lipschitz, D. L., and Michel, W. C.: Physiological Evidence for the discrimination of L-arginine from structural analogues by the zebrafish olfactory system J. Neurophysiol., 82, 3160-3167 (1999).
      54. Lujan, R.; Nusser, Z.; Roberts, J. D. B.; Shigemoto R.; Ohishi, H., and Somogyi, P.: Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1-alpha, mGluR1 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites. J. Chem. Neuroanat., 13, 219-241 (1997).
      55. Lujan, R.; Nusser, Z.; Roberts, J. D. B.; Shigemoto R., and Somogyi, P.: Perisynaptic location of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 and mGluR5 on dendrites and dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Neuroscience, 8, 1488-1500 (1996).
      56. Matsubara, A., Laake, J. H., Davanger, S., Usami, S.-I., and Otterson, O. P.; Organization of AMPA receptor subunits at a glustamate synapse: A quantitative immunogold analysis of hair cell synapses in the rat organ of Corti. J. Neuroscience, 16, 4457-4467 (1996).
      57. Matsuzaki, T.; Suzuki, T.; Koyama, H.; Tanaka, S., and Takata, K.: Water channel protein AQP3 is present in epithelia exposed to the environment of possible water loss. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 47, 1275-1286 (1999).
      58. Mizoguchi, A.; Yano, Y.; Hamaguchi, H.; Yanagida, H.; Ide, C.; Zahraoui, A.; Shirataki, H.; Sasaki, T., and Takai, Y.: Localization of Rabphilin-3A on the synaptic vesicle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 202, 1235-1243 (1999).
      59. Nixon, G. F., Mignery, G. A., and Somlyo, A. V.: Immunogold localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and characterization of ultrastructural features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in phasic and tonic smooth muscle; J. Muscle Res. Cell Mot., 15, 682-700 (1994).
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      64. Nusser, Z.; Roberts, J. D. B.; Baude, A.; Richards, J. G.; Sieghart, W., and Somogyi. P. Immunocytochemical localization of the alpha-1 and beta-2/3 subunits of the GABA-A receptor in relation to specific GABAergic synapses in the dentate gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 7, 630-646 (1995).
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      66. Nusser, Z., Sieghart, W., and Somogyi, P.: Segregation of different GABAA receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells. J. Neuroscience, 18, 1693-1703 (1998).
      67. Nusser, Z.; Sieghart, W.; Stephenson, F. A., and Somogyi, P.: The alpha-6 subunit of the GABAA receptor is concentrated in both inhibitory and excitatory synapses on cerebellar granule cells. J. Neuroscience, 16, 103-114 (1996).
      68. Nusser, Z., and Somogyi, P.: Compartmentalised distribution of GABAA and glutamate receptors in relation to transmitter release sites on the surface of cerebellar neurones. Prog. Brain Research, (C. I. De Zeeuw, P. Strata and J. Voogd, Eds.), Elsevier, Oxford, UK.; 114, 1488-1500 (1997).
      69. Pohl, K., and Stierhof, Y.-D.: Action of gold chloride ("Gold toning") on silver-enhanced 1 nm gold markers. Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 66-79 (1998).
      70. Punnonen, E.-L., Fages, C., Wartiovaara, J., and Rauvala, H.: Ultrststructural Localization of beta-Actin and Amphoterin mRNA in Cultured Cells: Application of tyramide signal amplification and comparison of detection methods; J. Histochem. Cytochem., 47, 99 (1999).
      71. Robinett, C. C., Straight, A., Li, G., Willhelm, C., Sudlow, G., Murray, A., and Belmont, A. S.: In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition. J. Cell Biol., 135, 1685-1700 (1996).
      72. Robinson, J. M., and Takizawa, T.: Novel Labeling methods for EM analysis of ultrathin cryosections. In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 894-895 (1996).
      73. Salas, P. J. I.: Insoluble gamma-tubulin-containing structures are anchored to the apical network of intermediate filaments in polarized CACO-2 epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol., 146, 645-657 (1999).
      74. Sawada, H., Sugawara, I., Kitami, A., and Hayashi, M. Vitronectin in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells in the rat testis. Biol. Reprod., 54, 29-35 (1996).
      75. Sawada, H., and Esaki, H: Use of Nanogold followed by silver enhancement and gold toning for preembedding immunolocalization. J. Elect. Micro., 43, 361-66 (1994).
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      77. Somogyi, P.; Tamas, G.; Lujan, R., and Buhl, E. H.: Salient features of synaptic organization in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res., Brain Res. Rev., 26 113-135 (1999).
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      79. Sun, X.J., Tolbert, L.P. and Hildebrand, J.G. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy as a guide for electron microscopic study: a simple method for correlation of light and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 329-35 (1995).
      80. Suzuki, E., and Hirosawa, K. Immunolocalization of a Drosphila phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (rdgB) in normal and rdgA mutant photoreceptor cells with special reference to the subrhabdomeric cisternae. J. Electron Microsc., 43, 183-189 (1994).
      81. Suzuki, Y.; Itakura, M.; Kashiwagi, M.; Nakamura, N.; Matsuki, T.; Sakuta, H.; Naito, N.; Takano, K.; Fujita, T., and Hirose, S.: Identification by differential display of a hypertonicity-inducible inward rectifier potassium channel highly expressed in chloride cells. J. Biol. Chem,274, 11376-11382 (1999).
      82. Takizawa, T.: High-resolution Immunocytochemical Labeling of Replicas with Ultrasmall Gold. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 47, 569-573 (1999).
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      84. Tanner, V. A., Ploug, T., and Tao-Cheng, J.-H. Subcellular localization of SV2 and other secretory vesicle components in PC12 cells by an efficient method of preembedding EM Immunocytochemistry for cell cultures. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 44, 1481-1488 (1996).
      85. Tao-Cheng, J.-H. and Tanner, V.A. A modified method of pre-embedding EM immunocytochemistry which improves specificity and simplifies the process for in vitro cells. In G. Bailey and A.J. Garratt-Reed (Eds.), Proc. 52nd Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer.; (pp. 306-307). San Francisco Press (1994).
      86. Thompson, W. F., Beven, A. F., Wells, B., and Shaw, P. J. Sites of rDNA transcription genes are widely dispersed through the nucleolus in Pisum sativum and can comprise single genes. Plant J., 12, 571-581 (1997).
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      88. Yazama, F., Esaki, M., and Sawada, H.: Immunocytochemistry of Extracellular Matric Components in the Rat Seminiferous Tubule: Electron Microscopic Localization with Improved Methodology. Anat. Rec., 248, 51-62 (1997).
      89. Yoshida, M.;Wakatsuki, Y.; Kobayashi, Y.; Itoh, T.; Murakami, K.; Mizoguchi, A.; Usui, T.; Chiba, T., and Kita, T.; Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Membrane-Associated Antigenic Protein of Helicobacter pylori. Infection and Immunity, 67, 286-293 (1999).
      90. Immunogold-Silver Staining: Principles, Methods and Applications," M. A. Hayat (Ed.); CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. See chapters by: Burry, R. W.; Hainfeld, J. F., and Furuya, F. R. (pp. 71-96); and Hacker, G.

      ---

      Nanogold® Streptavidin

      1. Bendayan, M.: Worth its weight in gold. Science, 291, 1363-5 (2001).
      2. Graf, A. H.; Cheung, A. L.; Hauser-Kornberger, C.; Dandachi, N.; Tubbs, R. R.; Dietze, O., and Hacker, G. W.: Clinical relevance of HPV 16/18 testing methods in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Appl. Immunohistochem. Molecul. Morphol., 8, 300-9 (2000).
      3. Tubbs, R.; Pettay, J.; Skacel, M.; Powell, R.; Stoler, M.; Roche, P., and Hainfeld, J.: Gold-Facilitated in Situ Hybridization: A Bright-Field Autometallographic Alternative to Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for Detection of HER-2/neu Gene Amplification. Am. J. Pathol., 160, 1589-1595 (2002).
      4. Weipoltshammer, K.; Schéfer, C.; Almeder, M., and Wachtler, F.: Signal enhancement at the electron microscopic level using Nanogold and gold-based autometallography. Histochem. Cell Biol., 114, 489-495 (2000).
      5. Cheung, A. L.; Graf, A. H.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Dietze, O.; Tubbs, R. R., and Hacker, G. W.: Detection of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma: comparison or peroxidase, Nanogold, and catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD)-Nanogold in situ hybridization Mod. Pathol., 12, 689 (1999).
      6. Hacker, G. W., and Danscher, G.: Recent Advances in Immunogold-Silver Staining-Autometallography; Cell Vision 1, 102 (1994).
      7. Hacker, G. W., Hauser-Kronberger, C., Zehbe, I., Su, H., Schiechl, A., Dietze, O., and Tubbs, R.: In Situ localization of DNA and RNA sequences: Super-sensitive In Situ hybridization using Streptavidin-Nanogold-Silver Staining: Minireview, Protocols and Possible Applications. Cell Vision, 4, 54-65 (1997).
      8. Hacker, G. W.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Zehbe, I.; Su, H., and Tubbs, R.: New advances in super-sensitive DNA-, RNA- and antigen detection: Combination of labeled tyramides with Nanogold-silver staining (NGSS). Proc. 56th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; Bailey, G. W.; Alexander, K. B.; Jerome, W. G.; Bond, M. G., and McCarthy, J. J., Eds.; Springer, New York, NY, 1998, 996-997.
      9. Hacker, G. W.; Zehbe, I.; Hainfeld, J.; Sällström, J.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Graf, A.-H.; Su, H.; Dietze, O., and Bagasra, O; High-Performance Nanogold® In Situ Hybridization and In Situ PCR. Cell Vision, 3, 209 (1996).
      10. Hacker, G. W., Zehbe, I., Hainfeld, J., Graf, A.-H., Hauser-Kronberger, C., Schiechl, A., Su, H., and Dietze, O.: High performance Nanogold®-in situ hybridization and its use in the detection of hybridized and PCR-amplified microscopical preparations; In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 896-897 (1996).
      11. Hauser-Kronberger, C.: Highly sensitive DNA, RNA and antigen detection methods. Streptavidin-Nanogold-silver staining. Cell Vision, 5, 83 (1998).
      12. Schöfer, C.; Weipoltshammer, K.; Hauser-Kronberger, C., and Wachtler, F.: High-resolution detection of nucleic acids at the electron microscope level - Review of in situ hybridization technology, the use of gold, and Catalyzed Reporter Deposition (CARD). Cell Vision, 4, 443-454 (1997).
      13. Tbakhi, A.; Totos, G.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Pettay, J.; Baunoch, D.; Hacker, G. W., and Tubbs, R. R.: Fixation conditions for DNA and RNA in situ hybridization: a reassessment of molecular morphology dogma. Am. J. Pathol., 152, 35-41 (1998).
      14. Totos, G.; Tbakhi, A.; Hauser-Kronberger, C., and Tubbs, R. R.: Catalyzed Reporter Deposition: A new era in molecular and immunomorphology - Nanogold-silver staining and colorimetric detection and protocols. Cell Vision, 4, 433-442 (1997).
      15. Woldin, C. N.; Hing, F. S.; Lee, J.; Pilch, P. F., and Shipley, G. G.: Structural studies of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted insulin receptor J. Biol. Chem, 274, 34981-34992 (1999).
      16. Zehbe, I., Hacker, G.W., Su, H., Hauser-Kronberger, C., Hainfeld, J.F., and Tubbs, R.: Sensitive in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition, streptavidin-Nanogold, and silver acetate autometallography. Detection of single-copy human papillomavirus. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 1553-1561 (1997).

熒光納米金： 連接了Fab’的熒光納米金 

1. 1. Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金結合物： 

      品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
      兔抗山羊IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7206	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗豚鼠IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7255	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗人IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7253	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗小鼠IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7202	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗兔IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7204	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗大鼠IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7208	0.5ml
      			1ml
      兔抗綿羊IgG Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7251	0.5ml
      			1ml
      鏈酶親和素Alexa Fluor® 488 熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 488的親和純化的Fab’	7216	0.5ml
      			1ml

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      
      
      Alexa Fluor®* 546熒光納米金結合物：

      品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
      山羊抗豚鼠IgG Alexa Fluor®* 546熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 546的親和純化的Fab’	7455	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗小鼠IgG Alexa Fluor®* 546熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 546的親和純化的Fab’	7402	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗兔IgG Alexa Fluor®* 546熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 546的親和純化的Fab’	7404	0.5ml
      			1ml
      鏈酶親和素Alexa Fluor®* 546熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了Alexa Fluor® 546的親和純化的Fab’	7416	0.5ml
      			1ml

      
      Alexa Fluor® 594熒光納米金結合物：

      品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
      山羊抗豚鼠IgG Alexa Fluor® 594熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了結合Alexa Fluor® 594的親和純化的Fab’	7355	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗小鼠IgG Alexa Fluor® 594熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了結合Alexa Fluor® 594的親和純化的Fab’	7302	0.5ml
      			1ml
      山羊抗兔IgG Alexa Fluor® 594熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了結合Alexa Fluor® 594的親和純化的Fab’	7304	0.5ml
      			1ml
      鏈酶親和素Alexa Fluor®* 594熒光納米金	1.4nm, 連接了結合Alexa Fluor® 594的親和純化的Fab’	7316	0.5ml
      			1ml

      References：
      Fluorescein FluoroNanogold Conjugates

      Fluorescein FluoroNanogold Conjugates

      A prototype was used in the following publication:
      Huang, S.; Deerinck, T. J.; Ellisman, M. H., and Spector, D. L.: In vivo analysis of the stability and transport of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA; J. Cell. Biol., 126, 877-899 (1994).
      Cy3®-FluoroNanogold Conjugates

      1. •  Powell, R. D., and Hainfeld, J. F.: Combined Fluorescent and Gold Probes for Microscopic and Morphological Investigations. InGold and Silver Staining: Techniques in Molecular Morphology, (G. W. Hacker and J. Gu, Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; pp. 107-118 (2002).
         • Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T., and Vandré, D. D.: Applications of gold cluster compounds in immunocytochemistry and correlative microscopy: comparison with colloidal gold. J. Microsc., 199, 163-79 (2000).
         • Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T., and Vandré: Enhanced immunolabeling efficiency using ultrasmall immunogold probes: Immunocytochemistry J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 487-492 (2000).
         • Takeuchi, S.; Takagishi, Y.; Yasui, K.; Murata, Y.; Toyama, J., and Kodama, I.: Voltage-gated K(+)Channel, kv4.2, localizes predominantly to the transverse-axial tubular system of the rat myocyte J. Mol. Cell.Cardiol., 32, 1361-1369 (2000).
         • Takizawa, T., and Robinson, J. M.: Analysis of antiphotobleaching reagents for use with FluoroNanogold in correlative microscopy J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 433-436 (2000).
         • Takizawa, T., and Robinson, J. M.: FluoroNanogold is a bifunctional immunoprobe for correlative fluorescence and electron microscopyJ. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 481-485 (2000).
         1. Humbel, B. M.; De Jong, M. D. M.; Müller, W. H., and Verkleij, A. J.: Pre-embedding immunolabeling for electron microscopy: An evaluation of permeabilization methods and markers. Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 43-58 (1998).
         2. Powell, R. D.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Gutierrez, E.; Hainfeld, J. F., and Furuya, F. R.: Dual-labeled probes for fluorescence and electron microscopy. Proc. 56th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; Bailey, G. W.; Alexander, K. B.; Jerome, W. G.; Bond, M. G., and McCarthy, J. J., Eds.; Springer, New York, NY, 1998, 992-993.
         3. Powell, R. D.; Halsey, C. M. R., and Hainfeld, J. F.: Combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes: Reagents and methods for correlative light and electron microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 2-12 (1998).
         4. Powell, R. D.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Spector, D. L.; Kaurin, S. L.; McCann, J.;, and Hainfeld, J. F. A covalent fluorescent-gold immunoprobe: "simultaneous" detection of a pre-mRNA splicing factor by light and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 45, 947-956 (1997).
         5. Powell, R. D.; Hainfeld, J. F.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Spector, D. L.; Kaurin, S.; McCann, J.; Craig, R.; Fay, F. S., and McNamara, K. E.: Large cluster and combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes. In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 892-893 (1996).
         6. Powell, R.D., Hainfeld, J.F., Churchill, M.E.A., and Belmont, A.S.I. Combined fluorescent and gold nucleic acid probes. In G. Bailey and A.J. Garratt-Reed (Eds.). Proc 52nd Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., San Francisco Press, pp.176-177 (1994).
         7. Robinson, J. M.: FluoroNanogold: an efficient labeling reagent for immunocytochemistry. Proc. 56th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; Bailey, G. W.; Alexander, K. B.; Jerome, W. G.; Bond, M. G., and McCarthy, J. J., Eds.; Springer, New York, NY, 1998, 990-991.
         8. Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T.: Biological labeling and correlative microscopy; Proc. 57th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey, W. G. Jerome, S. McKernan, J. F. Mansfield, and R. L. Price (Eds.); Springer-Verlag, New York, NY; 1999, 474-475.
         9. Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T.; Vandré, D. D., and Burry, R. W.: Ultrasmall immunogold particles: important probes for immunocytochemistry; Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 13-23 (1998).
         10. Robinson, J. M., and Vandré, D. D. Efficient immunocytochemical labeling of leukocyte microtubules with FluoroNanogold: An important tool for correlative microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 45, 631-642 (1997).
         11. Takizawa, T., and Robinson, J. M.: FluoroNanogold as a probe for high resolution correlation between immunofluorescence and electron microscopy; Proc. 57th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey, W. G. Jerome, S. McKernan, J. F. Mansfield, and R. L. Price (Eds.); Springer-Verlag, New York, NY; 1999, 476-477.
         12. Takizawa, T.; Suzuki, K., and Robinson, J. M.: Correlative Microscopy Using FluoroNanogold on Ultrathin Cryosections: Proof of Principle;J. Histochem. Cytochem., 46, 1097-1102 (1998).

         品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
         Palmitoyl Nanogold®	共價結合C15棕櫚酸的1.4nm納米金顆粒	4020	30 nmol
         DPPE Nanogold®	共價結合二棕櫚酰磷酯酰乙醇胺的1.4nm納米金顆粒	4021	30 nmol
         Palmitoyl Undecagold	共價結合C15棕櫚酸的0.8nm納米金顆粒	4022	30 nmol
         DPPE Undecagold	共價結合二棕櫚酰磷酯酰乙醇胺的0.8nm納米金顆粒	4023	30 nmol

         References：

         1. • Keohane, E. M.; Orr, G. A.;Takvorian, P. M.;Cali, A.; Tanowitz, H. B.; Wittner, M., and Weiss, L. M.: Polar tube proteins of Microsporida of the family Encephalitozoonidae; J. Euk. Microbiol., 46, 1-5 (1999).
            •  Powell, R. D., and Hainfeld, J. F.: Combined Fluorescent and Gold Probes for Microscopic and Morphological Investigations. InGold and Silver Staining: Techniques in Molecular Morphology, (G. W. Hacker and J. Gu, Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; pp. 107-118 (2002).
            • Powell, R. D.; Halsey, C. M. R., and Hainfeld, J. F.: Combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes: Reagents and methods for correlative light and electron microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 2-12 (1998).
            • Powell, R. D.; Joshi, V. N.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Hainfeld, J. F.; Hacker, G. W.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Muss, W. H., and Takvorian, P. M.: Combined Cy3 / Nanogold conjugates for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization; Proc. 57th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey, W. G. Jerome, S. McKernan, J. F. Mansfield, and R. L. Price (Eds.); Springer-Verlag, New York, NY; 1999, 478-479.
              
              連接了脂類的納米金：
            1. • Adler-Moore, J.: AmBisome targeting to fungal infections. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 14, S3-S7 (1994).
               • Hainfeld, J. F.; Furuya, F. R., and Powell, R. D.: Metallosomes. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 152-160 (1999).
               • Hainfeld, J. F.: Gold Liposomes. In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 898-899 (1996).
               • Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: New frontiers in gold labeling J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).
               • Thurston, G., McLean, J. W., Rizen, M., Baluk, P., Haskell, A., Murphy, T. J., Hanahan, D., and McDonald, D. M.: Cationic liposomes target endothelial cells in tumors and chronic infalmmation in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 101, 1401-1413 (1998).
                 
                 
                 帶不同反應基的納米金顆粒：

      1. 1. 品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
            Monomaleimido Nanogold®(MMN)	用于標記巰基，可標記Fab’、抗體、含半胱氨酸的蛋白質或其他含氫巰基的復合物, 1.4 nm	2020	30 nmol
            Monoamino Nanogold®	1.4nm, 標記糖蛋白的碳水化合物部分或其他應用。	2021	30 nmol
            Mono-Sulfo-NHS-Nanogold®	14nm，標記伯胺	2025	30 nmol
            Positively Charged Nanogold®	1.4nm，帶正電，含多個胺，用于結合帶負電的位點，或其他偶聯方案。	2022	30 nmol
            Negatively Charged Nanogold®	1.4nm，帶負電，含多個胺，用于結合帶正電的位點，或其他偶聯方案。	2023	30 nmol
            Nanogold® Particles, Non- Functionalized	1.4nm金顆粒，凍干粉，非活性形式	2010	30 nmol

            References：

            Positively Charged Nanogold®

            Negatively Charged Nanogold®

            Recent References: Monomaleimido-Nanogold®

            1. 1. Seron, K., Tieaho, V., Prescianotto-Baschong, C., Aust, T., Blondel, M. O., Guillard, P., Devilliers, G., Rossanese, O. W., Glick, B. S., Riezman, H., Keranen, S., and Haguenauer-Tapis, R.: A yeast t-SNARE involved in endocytosis; Mol. Biol. Cell, 9, 2873 (1998).
               2. Prescianotto-Baschong, C., and Riezman, H.: Morphology of the yeast endocytic pathway. Mol. Cell Biol., 9, 173-189 (1998).

               2. ---

               1.  Akaki, M.; Nagayasu, E.; Nakano, Y., and Aikawa, M.: Surface charge of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites as revealed by atomic force microscopy with surface potential spectroscopy. Parasitol. Res., 88, 16-20 (2002).

               Monomaleimido-Nanogold®

               ---

               Mono-Sulfo-NHS-Nanogold®

               ---

               Monoamino-Nanogold®

               ---

               Other Nanogold® Reagents 
               Nanogold® Nitrilotriacetic acid-Ni(II)

               Nanogold® Enzyme Substrates

               1. • Ackerly, C. A.; Tilups, A., and Becker, L. E.: Strategies insuring the optimal use of IgG or Fab’ fragments covalently bound to 1.4 nm Nanogold® in immunogold labeling procedures. Proc. 56th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; Bailey, G. W.; Alexander, K. B.; Jerome, W. G.; Bond, M. G., and McCarthy, J. J., Eds.; Springer, New York, NY, 1998, 988-989.
                  • Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: New frontiers in gold labeling J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).
                  • Jeon, H., and Shipley, G. G. Localization of the N-Terminal Domain of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor. J. Biol. Chem.,, 275, 30465-30470 (2000).
                  • Jeon, H., and Shipley, G. G. Vesicle-Reconstituted Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor: Visualization by Cryoelectron Microscopy. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 30458-30464 (2000).
                  •  Mahdi, F.; Madar, Z. S.; Figueroa, C. D., and Schmaier, A. H.: Factor XII interacts with the multiprotein assembly of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, gC1qR, and cytokeratin 1 on endothelial cell membranes. Blood, 99, 3585-3596 (2002).
                  • Malecki, M.; Hsu, A.; Truong, L., and Sanchez, S: Molecular immunolabeling with recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies designed with metal-binding domains; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 213-218 (2002).
                  • Medalia, O.; Heim, M.; Guckenberger, R.; Sperling, R., and Sperling, J.: Gold-tagged RNA-A probe for macromolecular assemblies. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 113-119 (1999).
                  • Montesano-Roditis, L.; Glitz, D. G.; Traut, R. R., and Stewart, P. L.: Cryo-electron microscopic localization of protein L7/L12 within the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome by difference mapping and Nanogold labeling. J. Biol. Chem., e-publication ahead of print.
                  • Qualmann, B.; Kessels, M. M.; Thole, H. H., and Sierralta, W. D.; A hormone pulse induces transient changes in the subcellular distribution and leads to a lysosomal accumulation of the estradiol receptor alpha in target tissues. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 79, 383-93 (2000).
                  • Robinson, J. M.; Takizawa, T.; Vandré, D. D., and Burry, R. W.: Ultrasmall immunogold particles: important probes for immunocytochemistry; Microsc. Res. Tech., 42, 13-23 (1998).
                  • Scheibel, T.; Kowal, A. S.; Bloom, J. D., and Lindquist, S.L.: Bidirectional amyloid fiber growth for a yeast prion determinant. Current Biology, 11, 366-369 (2001).
                  • Schwartz, M. P., and Matouschek, A.: The dimensions of the protein import channels in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 13086-13090 (1999).
                  •  Tolstonog, G. V.; Sabasch, M., and Traub, P.: Cytoplasmic Intermediate Filaments Are Stably Associated with Nuclear Matrices and Potentially Modulate Their DNA-Binding Function. DNA Cell Biol., 21, 213-39 (2002).
                  • Traxler, K. W.; Norcum, M. T.; Hainfeld, J. F., and Carlson, G. M.: Direct Visualization of the Calmodulin Subunit of Phosphorylase Kinase via Electron Microscopy Following Subunit Exchange. J. Struct. Biol., 135, 231-8 (2001).
                  • Woldin, C. N.; Hing, F. S.; Lee, J.; Pilch, P. F., and Shipley, G. G.: Structural studies of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted insulin receptor J. Biol. Chem, 274, 34981-34992 (1999).
                  1. Alivisatos, A. P., Johnsson, K. P., Peng, X., Wilson, T. E., Loweth, C. J., Bruchez, M. P., Jr., and Schultz, P. G.: Organization of ’Nanocrystal Molecules’ using DNA. Nature, 382, 609 (1996).
                  2. Boisset, N., Penczek, P., Pochon, F., Frank, J., and Lamy, J. Three-dimensional reconstruction of human alpha 2-macroglbulin and refinement of the localization of thiol ester bonds with monomaleimido Nanogold;. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 737, 229-44 (1994).
                  3. Boisset, N., Grassucci, R., Penczek, P., Delain, E., Pochon, F., Frank, J., and Lamy, J.N. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a complex of human alpha-2-macroglobulin with monomaleimido Nanogold; (Au1.4nm) embedded in ice. J. Struct. Biol., 109;39-45 (1992).
                  4. Gregori, L., Hainfeld, J. F., Simon, M. N., and Goldgaber, D. Binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20S proteasome. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 58-62 (1997).
                  5. Hainfeld, J. F.: Labeling with Nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. Scanning Microsc. Suppl. (Proc. 14th Pfefferkorn Conf.); Malecki, M., and Roomans, G. M. (Eds.). Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago, IL, 10, 309-322 (1996).
                  6. Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: Nanogold Technology: New Frontiers in Gold Labeling. Cell Vision, 4, 408-432 (1997).
                  7. Lin, M., Sistina, Y., and Rodger, J. C.: Electron-microscopic localisation of thiol and disulphide groups by direct monomaleimido-nanogold labeling in the spermatozoa of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii); Cell Tisue Res., 282, 291-296 (1995).
                  8. Malecki, M.: Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy of transfected DNA; In Proc 54th Ann. Mtg. Micros. Soc. Amer., G. W. Bailey, J. M. Corbett, R. V. W. Dimlich, J. R. Michael and N. J., Zaluzec (Eds.). San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, pp. 924-925 (1996).
                  9. Rayner, S. L., and Stephenson, F. A. Labelling and characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunit-specific antibodies with monomaleimido-Nanogold. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 25, 546S (1997).
                  10. Spin, J. M., and Atkinson, D.: Cryoelectron microscopy of low density lipoprotein in vitreous ice. Biophys. J., 68, 2115-2123 (1995).
                  11. Wagenknecht, T,; Berkowitz, J.; Grassucci, R.; Timerman, A. P., and Fleischer, S.: Localization of calmodulin binding sites on the ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle by electron microscopy. Biophys. J., 67, 2286-2295 (1994).
                  12. Wenzel, T., and Baumeister, W.: Conformational restraints in protein degradation by the 20S proteasome. Nature Struct. Biol., 2, 199-204 (1995).
                  13. Wilkens, S. and Capaldi, R.A. Monomaleimidogold Labeling of the g subunit of the E. coli F1 ATPase examined by cryoelectron Microscopy. Arch Biochem. Biophys., 229, 105-109 (1992).
                  14. Yanase, K.; Smith, R. M.; Cizman, B.; Foster, M. H.; Peachey, L. D.; Jarrett, L., and Madaio, M. P.: A subgroup of Murine monoclonal anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies traverse the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus in a time- and temperature- dependent manner;Laboratory Investigation, 71, 52-60 (1994).
                  15. Yang, Y. S.; Datta, A.; Hainfeld, J. F.; Furuya, F. R.; Wall, J. S., and Frey, P. A.: Mapping the lipoyl groups of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by use of gold cluster labels and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Biochemistry, 16;33(32), 9428-9437 (1994).
                  1. Hainfeld, J. F.: Labeling with Nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. Scanning Microsc. Suppl. (Proc. 14th Pfefferkorn Conf.); Malecki, M., and Roomans, G. M. (Eds.). Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago, IL, 10, 309-322 (1996).
                  2. Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: New frontiers in gold labeling J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).
                  3. Hainfeld, J. F., and Powell, R. D.: Nanogold Technology: New Frontiers in Gold Labeling. Cell Vision, 4, 408-432 (1997).
                  4. Hamad-Schifferli, K.; Schwartz, J. J.; Santos, A. T.; Zhang, S., and Jacobson, J. M.: Remote electronic control of DNA hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna. Nature, 2002, 415, 152-155.
                  5. Luo, R. Z.-T.; Beniac, D. R.; Fernandes, A.; Yip, C. C., and Ottensmeyer, F. P.: Quaternary structure of the insulin-insulin receptor complex. Science, 285, 1077-1080 (1999).
                  6. Ottensmeyer, F. P.; Luo, R. Z.-T.; Fernandes, A. B.; Beniac, D., and Yip, C. C.: Insulin receptor: 3D reconstruction from darkfield STEM images, structural interpretation and functional model; Proc. 57th Ann. Mtg., Micros. Soc. Amer.; G. W. Bailey, W. G. Jerome, S. McKernan, J. F. Mansfield, and R. L. Price (Eds.); Springer-Verlag, New York, NY; 1999, 408-409.
                  7. Segond von Banchet, G., Schindler, M., Hervieu, G. J.; Beckmann, B., Emson, P. C., and Heppelmann, B.: Distribution of somatostain receptor subtypes in rat lumbar spinal cord examined with gold-labelled somatostatin and anti-receptor antibodies; Brain Res., 816, 254 (1999).
                  8. Ribrioux, S., Kleymann, G., Haase, W., Heitmann, K., Ostermeier, C., and Michel, H. Use of Nanogold- and Fluorescent-labeled Antibody Fv Fragments in Immunocytochemistry. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 44, 207-213 (1996).
                  9. Segond von Banchet, G., and Heppelman, B.: Non-radioactive localization of substance P binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord using peptides labeled with 1.4 nm gold particles; J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 821 (1995).
                  1. Wille, H.; Michelitsch, M. D.; Guenebaut, V.; Supattapone, S.; Serban, A.; Cohen, F. E.; Agard, D. A, and Prusiner, S. B.: Structural studies of the scrapie prion protein by electron crystallography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 3563-8 (2002).
                  2. Shah, N., Zhang, S., Harada, S., Smith, R. M., and Jarrett, L.: Electron microscopic visualization of insulin translocation into the cytoplasm and nuclei of intact H35 hepatoma cells using covalently linked Nanogold-insulin. Endocrinology, 136, 2825-2835 (1995).
                  1. Hainfeld, J. F.; Liu, W.; Halsey, C. M. R.; Freimuth, P., and Powell, R. D.: Ni-NTA-Gold Clusters Target His-Tagged Proteins. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 185-198 (1999).
                  2. Hainfeld, J. F.; Powell, R. D.; Halsey, C. M. R., and Freimuth, P.: Ni-NTA-Nanogold for binding His tags. Proc. XIV Int. Congress on Electron Microscopy, Calderon Benevides, H. A., and Jose Yacaman, M. (Eds.); Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK, 1998, p. 859.

                  

                  www.nanoprobes.com

                  1. • Mayer, G.; Leone. R. D.; Hainfeld, J. F., and Bendayan, M.: Introduction of a novel HRP substrate-Nanogold probe for signal amplification in immunocytochemistry J. Histochem. Cytochem., 48, 461-469 (2000).
                       
                       
                       Undecagold (Au11)：比納米金小，直徑僅0.8nm。適用于超高分辨率電鏡（如掃描透射電鏡）或透射電鏡與圖像處理結合的技術。單個聚合物在TEM下通常不能被直接觀測到，染色更慢，與納米金相比，銀沉積的量更少。因此在很多應用中，建議選用納米金而非Undecagold。

                        

                       品名	貨號	規格
                       Monomaleimido Undecagold	2030	50 nmol
                       Monoamino Undecagold	2031	50 nmol
                       Mono-Sulfo-NHS-Undecagold	2045	50 nmol
                       Positively Charged Undecagold	2043	50 nmol
                       Negatively Charged Undecagold	2044	50 nmol
                       Undecagold Particles, Non- Functionalized	2060	50 nmoles

                       References： 
                       Undecagold: Recent New References

                       1. Frey, P. A., and Frey, T. G.: Synthesis of undecagold labeling compounds and their applications in electron microscopic analysis of multiprotein complexes. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 94-100 (1999).
                       2. Hainfeld, J. F.; Liu, W., and Barcena, M.: Gold-ATP. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 120-134 (1999).
                       3. Jahn, W.: Chemical aspects of the use of gold clusters in structural biology. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 106-112 (1999).
                       4. Mosseson, M. W., Siebenlist, K. R., Meh, D. A., Wall, J. S., and Hainfeld, J. F. The location of the carboxy-terminal region of gamma chains in fibrinogen and fibrin D domains. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA, 95, 10511-10516 (1998).
                       5. Safer, D.: Undecagold cluster labeling of proteins at reactive cysteine residues. J. Struct. Biol., 127, 101-105 (1999).
                       6.  Schwartz, M. P., and Matouschek, A.: The dimensions of the protein import channels in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 13086-13090 (1999).
                       7. Steinmetz, M. O., Stoffler, D., Muller, S. A., Jahn, W., Wolpensinger, B., Goldie, K. N., Engel, A., Faulstich, H., and Aebi, U.: Evaluating atomic models of F-actin with an undecagold-tagged phalloidin derivative; J. Mol. Biol., 276, 1 (1998).

                       ---

                       Other Publications

                       品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
                       GoldEnhance LM/Blot (GELM)	金增強試劑，用于光鏡樣品，4種溶液，使用前混合	2112	Initiator/Moderator/Activator/Buffer 各15 ml（共60 ml，足夠做600張載玻片）
                       GoldEnhance EM(GEEM)	金增強試劑，用于電鏡樣品，4種溶液，使用前混合	2113	Initiator/Moderator/Activator/Buffer 各2 ml（共8 ml，足夠做200個網格）
                       HQ Silver	用于納米金的質量最佳的銀增強試劑，均勻顯影，極好的保持結構，特別適合電鏡，光敏感	2012	Initiator/Moderator/Activator 各15 ml（共45 ml）
                       Li Silver	納米金的銀增強，用于電鏡、光鏡、凝膠、雜交，光不敏感	2013	Initiator/Enhancer 125 ml （共250 ml）

                       References： 
                       GoldEnhance

                       HQ and LI Silver

                       ---

                       HQ Silver

                       ---

                       LI Silver

                       1. • Bartels, H., Bennett, W. S., Hansen, H. A., Eisenstein, M., and Weinstein S. Mussig, J., Volkmann, N., Schlunzen, F., Agmon, I., and Franceschi, F., et al: The suitability of a monofunctional reagent of an undecagold cluster for phasing data collected from the large ribosomal subunits from Bacillus stearothermophilus [Review]; Biopolymers, 37, 411-419 (1995).
                          • Bartlett, P.A., Bauer, B., and Singer, S.J. Synthesis of water-soluble undecagold cluster compounds of potential importance in electron microscopic and other studies of biological systems; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 5085 (1978).
                          • Blechschmidt, B., Jahn, W. Hainfeld, J.F., Sprinzl, M., and Boublik, M. Visualization of a ternary complex of the Escherichia coli Phe-tRNA(Phe) andTu.-GTP from Thermus thermophilus by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Struct. Biol., 110, 84-89 (1993).
                          • Blechschmidt, B., Shirokov, V., and Sprinzl M. Undecagold cluster modified tRNA (Phe) from Escherichia coli and its activity in the protein elongation cycle. J. Biochem., 219, 65-71 (1994).
                          • Crum, J., Gruys, K.J., and Frey, T.G. Undecagold labeling of cytochrom cooxidase dimer crystals. In Bailey, G.W. and Hall, E.L., eds. Proc. 49th Ann. Meeting Elec. Micros. Soc. Amer., San Francisco Press, 278-279 (1991).
                          • Crum, J., Gruys, K.J., and Frey, T.G. Electron microscopy of cytochrome c oxidase crystals: labeling of subunit III with a monomaleimide undecagold cluster compound. Biochemistry, 33, 13719-26 (1994).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F. Gold, electron microscopy, and cancer therapy. Scanning Micros., in press (1995).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F., Sprinzl, M., Mandiyan, V., Tumminia, S.J. and Boublik, M. Localization of a specific nucleotide in yeast tRNA by scanning transmission electron microscopy using an undecagold cluster. J. Struct. Biol., 107, 1-5, (1991) (Cover picture).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F., Foley, C.F., Srivastava, S.C., Mausner, L.F. Feng, N.I., Meinken, G.E., and Steplewski, Z. Radioactive gold cluster immunoconjugates: Potential agents for cancer therapy. Nucl. Med. Biol., 17, 287-294 (1990).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F. Undecagold-antibody method. In Colloidal Gold: Principles Methods, and Applications., M.A. Hayat (Ed.), San Diego, Academic Press; Vol. 2, pp. 413-429 (1989).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F. Gold cluster-labelled antibodies. Nature, 333, 281-282 (1988).
                          • Hainfeld, J.F. A small gold-conjugated antibody label: Improved resolution for electron microscopy. Science, 236, 450 (1987).
                          • Kessler, P., Kotzyba-Hilbert, F., Leonetti, M., Bouet, F., Ringler, P., Brisson, A., Mendez, A., Goeldner, M. P.and Hirth, C. Synthesis of an acetylcoline receptor-specific toxin derivative regioselectively labeled with an undecagold cluster. Bioconj. Chem., 5, 199-204 (1994).
                          • Lipka, J.J., Hainfeld, J.F., and Wall, J.S. Undecagold labeling of a glycoprotein: STEM visualization of an undecagoldphosphine cluster labeling the carbohydrate sites of human haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 84, 120 (1983).
                          • Milligan, R.A., Whittaker, M., and Safer, D. Molecular structure of F-actin and location of surface binding sites. Nature,, 348, 217-221 (1990).
                          • Reardon, J. E., and Frey, P. A.: Synthesis of undecagold cluster molecules as biochemical labeling reagents. 1. Monoacyl and mono [N-(succinimidoxy) succinyl clusters; Biochemistry, 23, 3849-3856 (1984).
                          • Safer, D., Bolinger, L., and Leigh, J.S. Undecagold clusters for site-specific labeling of biological macromolecules: Simplified preparation and model applications. J. Inorg. Biochem., 26, 77 (1986).
                          • Safer, D., Hainfeld, J. F., Wall, J. S., and Reardon J. E. Biospecific labeling with undecagold: visualization of the biotin-binding site on Avidin. ,Science 218, 290 (1982).
                          • Sagi, I., Weinrich, V., Levin, I., Glotz, C., Laschever, M., Melamud, M., Franceschi, F., Weinstein, S., and Yonath, A.: Crystallography of ribosomes: attempts at decorating the ribosomal surface; Biophys. Chem., 55, 31-42 (1995).
                          • Schnyder, T., Tittmann, P., Winkler, H., Gross, H., and Wallimann, T.: Localization of reactive cysteine residues by maleidoyl undecagold in the mitochondrial creatine kinase octamer; J. Struct. Biol., 14, 209-217 (1995).
                          • Servent, D., Menez, A., and Kessler, P. Site-directed disulfide reduction using an affinity reagent: application on the nicotinic acetylchloine receptor. FEBS Lett., 360, 261-5 (1995).
                          • Skripkin, E., Yusupova, G., Yusupov, M., Kessler, P. Kessler, P., Ehresmann, C., and Ehresmann, B. Syntheses and ribosome binding properties of model mRNAs modified with undecagold cluster. Bioconj. Chem., 4, 549-553 (1993).
                          • Thygesen, J., Weinstein, S., Franceshi, F., and Yonath, A.: The suitability of multi-metal clusters for phasing in crystallography of large macromolecular assemblies [review]; Structure, 4, 513-518 (1996).
                          • Valdivia, E., Gabel, C., Reardon, J.E., CaJacob, C.A., Yang, H., Wehbi, R.S., Scott, G.L., Frey, P.A., and Fahien, L.A., Functional and morphological studies of mitochondria exposed to undecagold clusters: biologic surfaces labeling with gold clusters. Scanning Microsc., 6, 799-814 (1992).
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                          • 金增強/銀增強試劑
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                          • Rayner, S. L., and Stephenson, F. A. Labelling and characterization of gamma-amminobutyric acidA receptor subunit-specific antibodies with monomaleimido-Nanogold. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 25, 546S (1997).
                           
                          • 負染試劑：
                       2. NanoVan（釩）可用于標準負染，建議用于納米金標記的樣品，使1.4 nm極小的納米金清晰可見，而高原子數的染料使其模糊。
                          Nano-W（有機鎢）擴展性極佳，密度高，對比度高，可與NanoVan混合得到中等密度負染試劑。

                          品名	產品描述	貨號	規格
                          NanoVan® (Methylamine Vanadate)	2%釩負染染料	2011	5 ml
                          Nano-W® (Methylamine Tungstate)	2%基于有機鎢復合物的負染染料	2018	5 ml

                          References： 
                          NanoVan Negative Stain

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                          ---

                          Nano-W Negative Stain

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                          •